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Injury

Likely Causes and Symptoms of Bone Tumor

by allurewellness February 1, 2017

written by allurewellness

When cells divide at a rate that is both abnormal and uncontrollable, they form a mass of tissue or lump.

This mass of tissue is often referred to as tumor.

A tumor that forms or develops in the bones is called a bone tumor.

A bone tumor can be malignant or benign.

While the latter is considered non-fatal, it still comes with certain risks and may require treatment.

The former on the other hand is considered life-threatening as there is a possibility for the cancer cells to spread throughout the body.

Likely Causes

While unfortunate to note, no known definite causes have been identified for bone tumors yet.

However, likely causes include radiation, genetics, and bone injuries to name a few.

Osteosarcoma for one has been associated with the use of high doses of anticancer medications as well as high doses of radiation.

Patients with bone fractures repaired using metal implants have also been observed to be more susceptible to osteosarcoma.

Potential Symptoms

Some of the possible indicators of bone tumor include:

Pathologic Fracture

In some cases of undiscovered bone tumors, even a minor injury would be enough to break the weakened bone.

The condition is known as pathologic fracture and it often results to excruciating pain.

In some cases, swelling at the site of the tumor will manifest.

Movement

In some instances, bone tumors that are benign will not manifest any symptoms.

Oftentimes, treatment is not considered necessary.

However, when it starts to interfere with the patient’s function and movement, possible treatment options will be considered.

Dull Ache

One telltale sign of bone cancer is dull ache felt by patients in the affected bone.

In majority of the cases, the dull pain will manifest only occasionally at first.

However, overtime, it can become constant and severe.

In some cases, the pain becomes so severe that it wakes up afflicted patients at night.

Fevers

It is also very likely for people with bone tumor to experience night sweats or fever.

In the absence of night sweats or fever, patients might notice tissue masses on some parts of their body.

Diagnosis

Fractures, infections, and other conditions may sometimes resemble tumors

Fractures, infections, and other conditions may sometimes resemble tumors.

That being said, a variety of tests will be required to accurately diagnose the condition.

Some of the tests include:

Imaging tests

To gauge the size and the tumor’s exact location, an X-ray will be required.

Depending on the results, other imaging tests might also be recommended:

PET scan – can help determine the tumor’s location.

CT scan – can provide a series of highly detailed images that are taken from different angles.

MRI scan – can provide a detailed picture of the area affected.

Angiogram – can provide an X-ray of the blood vessels

Blood and urine tests

Blood and urine samples will be tested to assess the presence of tumors or other likely medical conditions.

The alkaline phosphatase test is often used to check for bone tumor.

When the tests reveal large quantities of the enzyme in the blood, it can be a sure indicator of bone tumor.

Biopsies are also sometimes recommended in order to get a better insight of the condition.

Either of the two kinds of biopsies might be requested:

Incisional Biopsy – this kind is also referred to as open biopsy. Unlike needle biopsy, this will require general anesthesia and is carried out in the operating room.
Needle Biopsy – the procedure is carried out by inserting a needle in the patient’s bone to remove a small part of the tissue. X-ray, MRI or CT scan results will be needed when performing needle biopsy so the location of the tumor can be accurately identified.

While benign bone tumors are common, having it checked by a doctor is still recommended. If you notice classic signs of a bone tumor, it would be best check with the experts at www.bjios.sg.

February 1, 2017 0 comments

ACL injury is the medical term used to refer to the tearing of the anterior cruciate ligament of the ACL

What are the Likely Treatment Options for ACL Injuries?

by allurewellness February 1, 2017

written by allurewellness

ACL injury is the medical term used to refer to the tearing of the anterior cruciate ligament of the ACL.

Typical ACL injuries typically occur in sports that involve drastic stops, sudden jumps, and changes in direction—tennis, gymnastics, downhill skiing, basketball, and soccer to name a few.

In most cases, affected individuals can feel and hear a “pop” during an ACL injury.

Depending on the severity of the injury, treatment options can range from rehabilitation, rest, or surgery.

Typical symptoms of ACL injuries include but are not limited to the following:

Inability to continue with any activity
Extreme pain
Loss of range of motion
Instability
Swelling

To accurately diagnose an ACL injury, physical examination and checking for swelling and tenderness will be done. The knee’s overall function will also be assessed.

While making a diagnosis can be done based merely on the physical examination, some tests will be required to rule out other possible causes and gauge the severity of the ACL injury.

Below are some of the possible tests that will be required:

X-rays – X-rays are often requested when your attending doctor would like to check for possible bone fractures.
Ultrasound – in order to check for any tendon, muscle, or ligament injuries, an ultrasound will be required. An ultrasound will employ sound waves to visualize the internal structures of the knee.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – MRIs make use of radio waves and a strong magnetic field to create images of the body’s soft and hard tissues. It is deemed an effective tool if the doctor would like to gauge the full extent of an ACL injury and check for other signs of possible damage.

Although prompt and proper first aid care can significantly reduce the swelling and pain caused by an ACL injury, other treatment alternatives might be required, depending on the severity.

Other treatment options include:

Rehabilitation

ACL injury treatment will often entail weeks of rehabilitative therapy

ACL injury treatment will often entail weeks of rehabilitative therapy.

Physical therapists will teach patients recommended exercises that can be performed at home or under their continued supervision.

In some instances, crutches are recommended so less stress and strain are placed on the knees. A brace might also be recommended to help stabilize the affected knee.

The primary goals of rehabilitation include muscle strengthening, reduction of swelling and pain, and restoration of full motion range.

Physical therapy can be very effective in treating an ACL injury if the patient is relatively inactive, does not engage in sports that put stress on the knees, and is only engaged in moderate exercises and recreational activities.

Surgery

Surgery is a likely treatment alternative given the following circumstances:

More than one ligament or cartilage is injured
The patient is young and active
The patient is an athlete engaged in sports that entails jumping, pivoting, and cutting
The injury makes the knees buckle even when performing daily activities

During an ACL reconstruction, ligaments that are damaged are removed. The damaged ligaments are replaced by a segment of tendon. The procedure is commonly known as grafting.

The surgeon will use the tendon taken from another part of the knee or it will be taken from a deceased donor. The graft will function as a scaffolding, where the new ligament tissues will grow.

Rehabilitative surgery will often start after surgery. Successful reconstruction of the ACL is often followed by rigorous rehabilitation.

This is done to ensure the knee’s function and stability are restored.

Oftentimes, athletes with ACL injuries can already engage in their sports after eight to twelve months.

ACL injuries should not be taken for granted. If you suspect an ACL injury, get expert help from the specialists at www.bjios.sg right away.

February 1, 2017 0 comments

Trigger finger is an excruciating condition that causes the finger or the thumb to catch or lock up when bent

Body injury surgery

Trigger Finger Surgery: Why is it Necessary?

by allurewellness January 31, 2017

written by allurewellness

Trigger finger is an excruciating condition that causes the finger or the thumb to catch or lock up when bent.

Also known as stenosing tenosynovitis, trigger finger occurs when the tendons in the finger or thumb becomes inflamed.

The tough tissue bands that connect the muscles and the bones are called tendons.

Together, the tendons and the muscles in the hands and arms bend and straighten the fingers and the thumbs.

Typically, the tendon will just easily glide through the tissue covering or the sheath because of the synovium.

It is the lubricating membrane surrounding the joint.

However, there will be instances when the tendon becomes inflamed and swollen.

When this happens, bending the finger or the thumb will pull the inflamed tendon through a tendon sheath that is already narrowed.

This would result to a snap or pop.

Depending on the severity, the treatment option can range from noninvasive options to trigger finger surgery.

Causes

Repeated movements and forceful use of the finger or thumb is often the culprit for trigger finger

Repeated movements and forceful use of the finger or thumb is often the culprit for trigger finger.

Rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, and gout have also been associated with trigger finger.

There are several factors that increase one’s risk of developing the condition.

Some of the factors include the following:

Repeated gripping – occupations and hobbies that entail repetitive hand use and prolonged gripping.
Health problems – people with diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis are more at risk of developing trigger finger.
Sex – trigger finger is more common in women than in men.

Symptoms

Common symptoms of trigger finger include the following:

A bump or a nodule
Tenderness
Finger catching or locking
Difficulty or inability to straighten the affected finger
Finger is locked in bent position
Stiffness of the affected finger especially in the mornings
Popping and clicking sensation when the affected finger is moved

Diagnosis

When diagnosing trigger finger, no elaborate testing is required.

Checking the medical history and a physical examination would often suffice.

During the examination, the patient will be asked to close and open the hand.

This is done so the doctor can easily check for signs of locking.

The physical examination will also allow the doctor to check for lumps, areas of pain, and smoothness of motion.

Lumps associated with trigger finger will move together with the finger since it is attached to the tendon.

Treatment

Medications

NSAIDs or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen and naproxen) are often recommended to provide relief from pain.

However, NSAIDs won’t be able to relieve the inflammation and the swelling.

Therapy

Noninvasive treatment approaches for trigger finger include the following:

Rest – patients whose hobbies or work entail prolonged grasping and repetitive gripping, resting for at least 3 to 4 weeks will be recommended.
Ice or heat – some individuals notice an improvement when icing the palm several times a day. Others on the other hand, observe an improvement when warm-water soaks are done first thing each morning.
Splint – splinting the affected finger for at least 6 weeks might be recommended to help ensure it stays in an extended condition.
Stretching exercises – in order to maintain mobility of the affected finger, doctors will most likely recommend gentle exercises.

Surgery and Other Procedures

For conditions that are severe and does not respond to conventional treatments, the following treatment routes might be suggested:

Percutaneous Release – after numbing the palm, the doctor will then insert a needle into the tissue in order to help break the constriction. This procedure is done under ultrasound so damage to the tendon and other nerves will be avoided.

Trigger Finger Surgery – the procedure is done by cutting open the constricted tendon sheath section through a small incision made in the base of the finger affected. This procedure is often carried out in the operating room.

Don’t put up with the pain and discomfort trigger finger brings. Visit www.bjios.sg to know how to effectively manage the condition and treat it for good.

January 31, 2017 0 comments

Body health

Physiotherapy: What are the Benefits?

by allurewellness January 31, 2017

written by allurewellness

In essence, physiotherapy is carried out with the purpose of restoring both movement and function for individuals affected by injury, illness, and disability.

It is also done in order to help ensure any risk of future illnesses and injuries are avoided.

Who needs it?

Physiotherapy is beneficial for people suffering from conditions that affect the:

Joints, soft tissues, bones – sports injuries and neck, back, and shoulder pain.
Brain and nervous system – movement problems due to stroke, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis.
Circulation and heart – rehabilitation after a heart attack.
Lungs and breathing – chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic

What are the main approaches?

Physiotherapists make use of different treatment and preventative approaches depending on the condition being treated.

Three key approaches are often used in physiotherapy—movement and exercise, manual therapy, and education and advice.

In other instances, however, other techniques (i.e. acupuncture and ultrasound treatment) are used.

Manual Therapy

The technique where physiotherapists utilize their hands to mobilize, massage, and manipulate body tissues is called manual therapy

The technique where physiotherapists utilize their hands to mobilize, massage, and manipulate body tissues is called manual therapy.

This technique can help:

Provide pain relief and minimize stiffness
Improve blood circulation
Significantly improve movement
Promote relaxation

Movement and Exercise

To help improve both the patient’s mobility and function, movement and exercise are recommended.

The following are often included in this approach:

Activities that involve moving the entire body (i.e. walking and swimming). This is considered helpful for patients recovering from operations or injuries that affect mobility.
Exercises that are designed to help enhance movement and strength of specific parts of the body.
Therapies (hydrotherapy or aquatic) that promote relaxation and support to the muscles and the joints. Hydrotherapy also effectively provides resistance so patients can regain strength gradually.

Education and Advice

When necessary, physiotherapists will provide insights and pointers that can help improve the well-being of the patient.

Advice is also given to help ease pain and help ensure the risk of future injuries are minimized.

For example, patients suffering from back pain will likely be given advice on proper lifting and carrying techniques as well as good posture.

What are the key benefits of physiotherapy?

Physiotherapy is used to address orthopedic conditions in adults, infants, children, and the geriatric population.

Some of the most common orthopedic disorders treated using physiotherapy include amputation, arthritis, sports injuries, fractures, post-operative conditions, and neck and back pain.

Treatment course will often involve therapeutic exercises that will help enhance motion range, strength, joint mobilization, and endurance.

In majority of the cases, patients are also provided training in the use of ambulation devices to help restore and enhance movement.

Individuals afflicted with neurological disorders (i.e. spinal cord injury, strokes, multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, Parkinson’s disease, etc.) often takes up a big percentage of a typical physiotherapist’s workload.

Case in point: a stroke patient experiencing hemiparesis (weakness on one side of the body) or hemiplegia (paralysis on one side of the body) can surely benefit from physiotherapy.

Oftentimes, interventions for abovementioned scenarios will focus on reeducation, muscle transfer, training in the use of mobility aids, and enhancement and restoration of gait, among other things.

Patients suffering from cardiopulmonary conditions can also take advantage of physiotherapy interventions.

For instance, patients who experience shortness of breath, decreased endurance, and those who are having difficulty doing their daily routines are provided help through guided exercises and resistance training.

Also, physiotherapy intervention will most likely include behavior modifications and educating the patient so recurrence of the condition in the future can be effectively avoided.

Children with cerebral palsy can also greatly benefit from physiotherapy.

For starters, physiotherapy can help keep spasticity and deformity to a minimum and enhance postural control.

It also helps improve functional dependence by helping them become proficient in the use of assistive devices.

If you can benefit from the expertise of a competent physiotherapist, visit www.bjios.sg now and tell them how they can help.

January 31, 2017 0 comments

osteoarthritis or OA develops when the natural cushioning situated between the joints (cartilage) wears away

Body injury

Knee Osteoarthritis: What are the Stages?

by allurewellness January 31, 2017

written by allurewellness

Otherwise referred to as wear-and-tear arthritis, osteoarthritis or OA develops when the natural cushioning situated between the joints (cartilage) wears away.

The condition can cause the joints to rub more closely.

The rubbing can result to stiffness, pain, swelling, reduced movement ability, and in some cases, formation of bone spurs.

Osteoarthritis is considered one of the most common types of arthritis.

While OA can develop in young people, the likelihood of developing the condition is higher for those past the age of 45.

Compared to men, women are also more prone to osteoarthritis.

Risk Factors and Causes

Many cases of knee OA are attributed to age.

However, while it is possible that many individuals will experience some degree of osteoarthritis, several factors are believed to significantly increase the risk of the condition developing at an early age.

Some of the most common risk factors for OA include:

Weight

Excess weight can put unnecessary stress and strain on the knees.

Every extra pound can put as much as 3 to 4 pounds of weight on the knees.

Repetitive stress injuries

Individuals whose work entail repetitive activities (kneeling, lifting weights, squatting, etc.) that can cause stress to the joint are more prone to developing OA.

Heredity

Some individuals become more prone to knee osteoarthritis compared to others because of certain genetic mutations.

The condition can also be secondary to inherited abnormalities that affect the bones that surround the knee joint.

Different Stages of Knee Osteoarthritis

OA has 5 stages

OA has 5 stages.

Stage 4 is assigned for severe cases while stage 0 is for healthy and normal knees.

Stage 0

In stage 0, there are no signs or indications of osteoarthritis evident in the knee joint.

The knee joint also functions without any impairment or pain.

Stage 1

Patients afflicted with stage 1 osteoarthritis are most likely to already have bone spur growths albeit very minor.

In essence, bone spurs are the boney growths that occur where the bones meet.

Fortunately, it is very unlikely for individuals with stage 1 osteoarthritis to experience any discomfort or pain as wear on the joint components is often very minimal.

Stage 2

Individuals with a “mild” degree of osteoarthritis are considered to have stage 2 OA.

X-ray results of patients with stage 2 OA may indicate greater bone spur growth but the cartilage size is most likely still considered healthy.

In stage 2 OA, no bone scraping or rubbing is likely to take place as the space between the bones is still considered normal.

There are also no noticeable changes in the joint motion as the level of synovial fluid present is still sufficient.

Stage 3

Those classified with “moderate” OA belong to stage 3.

In stage 3, a notable narrowing of space between the bones is also present.

The cartilage will also likely to already show some damage.

Those with stage 3 osteoarthritis will often experience pain when bending, running, walking, or kneeling.

Joint stiffness may also occur early in the mornings or when sitting for long periods.

Joint swelling might also occur after extended movement.

Stage 4

Patients with “severe” cases of knee OA are classified under stage 4.

Individuals with stage 4 knee osteoarthritis often experience discomfort and pain when walking or moving the joint.

This is also the stage where joint space is significant and the cartilage is almost gone completely.

Patients with stage 4 OA will often experience difficulty moving and severe joint stiffness.

In this stage, the synovial fluid has also been decreased significantly so it can no longer reduce the friction between the moving parts of the joint.

Suffering from knee osteoarthritis?

Ensure the condition is properly managed by heading to www.bjios.sg now.

January 31, 2017 0 comments

Unfortunately, trauma, injuries, and even overuse can result to hand problems

Body surgery

Hand Surgery Recovery: What to Expect

by allurewellness January 31, 2017

written by allurewellness

While unfortunate to note, there’s no denying the importance of the human hands is often overlooked.

However, the significance of the human hands cannot be overstated.

Routine day-to-day activities like eating, working, dressing, writing, creating art, etc. can become very challenging if not impossible sans functioning hands.

Unfortunately, trauma, injuries, and even overuse can result to hand problems.

Treatment options for hand injuries can range from conventional alternatives to orthopaedic hand surgery.

In most cases, the chosen treatment option will depend on the condition’s severity.

However, while not all hand conditions will require orthopaedic hand surgery, in some instances, it is considered the best option available.

Enumerated below are some of the most common hand conditions that will respond to surgery and what patients can expect during recovery:

Carpal tunnel release

Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when pressure is placed on the median nerve as it passes through the wrist.

Pain and numbness are considered two of the most common symptoms of the condition.

To minimize nerve pressure, surgery might be recommended.

Recovery

After the surgery, patient will have to wear a bandage on both the hand and the wrist. This can last for at least a week.

Ten to fourteen days after, stitches will be removed.

By that time, patients are most likely already able to use the fingers and the thumb.

However, doing heavy tasks using the affected hand will still be prohibited.

In majority of the cases, moving the fingers will be required to help ensure the nerve and the tendons do not get caught up in any scar tissue.

While recovery can often occur in less than a month, getting feelings back in the hands will often take much longer.

In some cases, the scar can become painful and sensitive for a few months.

Fortunately, the sensitivity and the ache will eventually go away on its own without any treatment interventions.

Dupytren’s contracture fasciectomy

This condition is characterized by a tissue that forms in the fingers and the palm of the hands

This condition is characterized by a tissue that forms in the fingers and the palm of the hands.

While often not painful, this condition might cause bands to form resulting in curled fingers.

To remove the tissue and release the fingers, surgery is often recommended.

Fortunately, the condition will not require hospitalization so the patient is free to go home at least a few hours after the surgery.

Recovery

While healing of the skin will only take 2 to 3 weeks, it will often take 12 weeks before patient can have full use of the hands.

The hand’s movement and function will be monitored and patients will be taught hand exercises.

While not required in most cases, night splints might be recommended in some cases.

Knuckle replacement (MCP joint)

Metacarpophalangeal (MCP joints) or otherwise known as rheumatoid arthritis of the knuckles may sometimes result to damage and deformity.

Apart from being severely painful, the condition can also reduce hand function significantly.

When using the hand becomes challenging already, surgery to replace the knuckles with artificial joints might be required.

The procedure will help minimize the pain and improve finger positioning.

Recovery

Before rehabilitation can start, resting the hand for a few days after the surgery will be recommended.

Exercises to help move the fingers will also be taught to patients.

Wearing a splint during the day will also be recommended when not exercising.

In some cases, wearing nightly splints (at least for a few months) will be prescribed.

Advice on ways to properly look after the new artificial joints will also be taught to patients.

Tendon repair

Tendon ruptures in the wrist or hand are considered rare.

Most cases are often attributed to rheumatoid arthritis or other kinds of inflammatory arthritis.

Recovery

Patients will need to wait for at least six weeks for the tendons to fully heal before they can use their hands again.

To help protect the tendons while healing, splinting will be recommended.
Know more about hand surgery and what to expect after the procedure at www.bjios.sg.

January 31, 2017 0 comments

The ACL or the anterior cruciate ligament are the tough tissue bands that connect the thigh bone to the shin bone

Body injury surgery

ACL Injuries: Minimally Invasive Surgery

by allurewellness January 31, 2017

written by allurewellness

The ACL or the anterior cruciate ligament are the tough tissue bands that connect the thigh bone to the shin bone.

The anterior cruciate ligament runs through the knee diagonally and works by giving the joint in the knee the much needed stability.

It also helps control the back-and-forth movement of the lower leg.

Oftentimes, knee injuries occur when playing physically demanding sports like skiing, squash, football, and tennis.

Up to 40 percent of known sports injuries can be traced to ACL injuries.

In cases where damage is extensive, minimally invasive surgery might be recommended.

Tears in the ACL often happen when the lower leg and the knee are twisted or when the lower leg is extended too much.

Other likely causes of ACL injuries include:

Incorrect landings (from jumps)
Collisions (from football tackles)
Drastic stops
Sudden changes in direction

When the ACL is torn, there is a tendency for the knee to become highly unstable.

Losing its full motion range is also possible.

When is surgery needed?

For ACL tears that are minor, conservative and noninvasive treatment options will most often suffice

For ACL tears that are minor, conservative and noninvasive treatment options will most often suffice.

However, if there are multiple tears, immediate surgical intervention is the most likely option to help ensure the knee is stabilized.

Surgery is also often carried out before too much inflammation can occur and cause permanent damage to the joint.

Stitching alone will not be enough to repair ACL tears.

Tissue graft (from the patient or a cadaver) will be required to provide support and facilitate ligament growth.

Fortunately, it is a lot easier for orthopedic surgeons nowadays to gauge the severity of the injury.

When immediate repairs are deemed necessary, a minimally invasive surgery called arthroscopy is performed.

The procedure is carried out under general anesthesia.

The surgeon will also need to make several tiny incisions in the knee.

In order to clean the joint, fluid will be injected.

A fiber optic camera will then be inserted so it can provide detailed images on the television monitor.

The detailed images will help the orthopedic surgeon clearly see the joint parts and determine the steps necessary for the repair.

Years prior, surgeries of the knee are often classified as open surgery and will often entail at least a week-long stay in the hospital.

Several months will also be required for full recovery to take place.

Fortunately, patients can perform day-to-day routines more quickly with procedures that are minimally invasive.

Knee arthroscopy is also carried out to:

Trim the pieces of the broken cartilage
Remove or repair the cartilage that works as cushion in the meniscus (the space situated between the knee bones)
Repair the bone fractures found in the knee
Repair the lining of the knee or the synovium
Remove the fluid-filled sac that can manifest in the back of the knee (Baker’s cyst)

Preparations

Before the surgery, the following will most likely be suggested:

Discussing bleeding disorders or other medical conditions with the surgeon.
Taking a blood sample just in case a transfusion of blood will be necessary.
Letting the doctor know if you have colds, fever, herpes breakout, flu or other conditions that might cause rescheduling of the surgery.
Taking ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), Iopidogrel (Plavix), naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn), and other blood thinners should be stopped.

On the day of the procedure, the following will most likely be recommended:

Eating and drinking after midnight should be avoided especially if general anesthesia will be administered.
Should be in the hospital on the time scheduled.
Taking medications provided with only a small water sip.

After the surgery, patients can expect the following:

They will be asked to go home after only a few hours.
They will have to use crutches when necessary.
Since the procedure is minimally invasive, recovery will be faster. However, in some instances, the complexity of the repair and the severity of the condition may affect the length of the recovery.

If you are a candidate for minimally invasive surgery for an ACL injury, get expert help from the able specialists at www.bjios.sg now.

January 31, 2017 0 comments

In essence, microsurgery is surgery performed on very small structures

Body surgery

Microsurgery: Basic Principles

by allurewellness January 31, 2017

written by allurewellness

In essence, microsurgery is surgery performed on very small structures (i.e. nerves and the blood vessels).

Specialized instruments under a microscope are also used for the procedure.

Microsurgery makes use of techniques like blood vessel repair and organ transplantation.

The aforementioned techniques have been used since the twentieth century’s early part.

Microsurgery techniques have also been utilized by several surgical specialties.

For instance:

Ophthalmologists (eye doctors)

Performs microsurgery to remove cataracts, carry out corneal transplants, and treat glaucoma and other eye conditions.

Otolaryngologists (ear, nose, and throat doctors)

Uses microsurgeries when working on the small and delicate structures of the inner ear or when carrying out work on the vocal chords.

Gynecologists and urologists

Reverses tubal ligations and vasectomies using microsurgery principles.

Plastic surgeons

Reconstructs damaged or disfigured skin, tissues, and muscles using microsurgical techniques.

Other specialties

Performs microsurgery to replant or reattach amputated body parts to replace a new one (for instance, a lost or damaged thumb is replaced with a great toe).

Equipment Used in Microsurgery

The key functions of microsurgical equipment include magnifying the operating field and providing instrumentation

The key functions of microsurgical equipment include magnifying the operating field and providing instrumentation.

The equipment used are designed to make precise maneuvering feasible and to make operating on barely visible structures possible.

Essential instruments used in microsurgery include microsurgical instruments, micro suture materials, and the microscope.

Microscope

Microscope that is used in microsurgery is either mounted on the ceiling or on the floor.

It also comes designed with a moveable arm so manipulating its position becomes relatively easier.

A set of lenses and a high-intensity light source are used to view the surgical site.

A video camera is used so other members of the surgical team can view the surgical site on a display screen.

Ideally, a five to forty times (5–40x) magnification is used in microsurgical procedures.

Instruments

Compared to traditional surgical instruments, those used in microsurgery have distinct differences.

Aside from its capability to delicately manipulate barely visible structures, microsurgical instruments also come with handles that are large enough so handling them comfortably and securely is possible.

Instruments often utilized in microsurgery include:

Needle holders (for suturing)
Forceps
Vessel dilators
Standard surgical tools
Scissors
Irrigators

Suture Materials

In microsurgery, suturing or stitching is carried out utilizing needles and threads that are specialized.

The diameter or gauge of the threads can vary in size.

When choosing the apt thread to be used, the procedure that will be performed as well as the tissue that needs to be sutured will be taken into account.

In most cases, threads with 9–0 to 12–0 gauges are used in microsurgery.

Suture threads can also be non-absorbable or absorbable.

They can also be made from natural materials or synthetic ones.

The type used will depend on the procedure as well as the tissue that needs suturing.

Suture needles come in diverse sizes and shapes.

They also have different point types.

Generally, however, the needles often used are less than 0.15 mm in diameter.

Training

Surgeons will have to undergo extensive training and practice before they perform microsurgery.

Know-how on basic anatomy and surgical techniques will also be required.

Surgeons will also be taught how to hold the instruments properly, how to lessen hand tremors, ways to maintain proper posture when performing microsurgical procedures and maintaining visual contact when using the microscope, among other things.

A set of essential techniques have to be mastered by the surgeon as they are often utilized in microsurgery.

These basic techniques include nerve grafting and repair, vessel repair, and vein grafting.

When already very proficient in the basic skills needed for microsurgery, more advanced techniques will be taught, including treating specific conditions.

For more information about microsurgery and if it is the right option for you, check www.bjios.sg right now.

January 31, 2017 0 comments

The procedure performed to remove bone cancers and soft tissue in the limbs is called limb salvage surgery

Body surgery

Limb Salvage Surgery: Who Needs It?

by allurewellness January 31, 2017

written by allurewellness

The procedure performed to remove bone cancers and soft tissue in the limbs is called limb salvage surgery.

The procedure is also otherwise known as limb-sparing surgery.

Limb salvage surgery is done in order to avoid amputation.

Goals

Some of the primary goals of limb salvage surgery include:

Avoiding amputation
Removal of cancer
Preservation of appearance
Maintaining the greatest possible degree of function

While often carried out in tumors and bone sarcomas, limb salvage surgery is also an option in soft tissue sarcomas affecting the extremities.

Nowadays, the procedure has become the ideal alternative to amputation.

It has also become the recommended treatment option for cancers that spread slowly (from the limb to other body parts), or those cancers that have not spread to the soft tissues yet.

Years prior, the usual treatment route of those patients with cancer in the limbs is amputation of the extremity affected.

Fortunately, nowadays, patients no longer have to lose their limbs in order to treat the cancer.

This development can be credited to numerous factors—survival rate of patients treated using chemotherapy, advanced imaging methods (CT scans and MR), and remarkable improvements in surgical techniques both resection and reconstruction, to name a few.

In recent years, limb salvage surgery has also become one of the recommended option for patients with chronic bone and degenerative conditions like rheumatoid arthritis.

Likewise, it has also become one of the treatment options for those patients that are considered candidates for diabetic limb amputation and those with chronic and acute limb wounds.

Diagnosis

Before your doctor will decide if limb salvage surgery is apt, the following key factors are taken into consideration:

Type of cancer
Its size
Its location
The cancer’s progression
Age of the patient
Overall health of the patient

When recommended, doctors will make sure the patient understands the likely outcome of the surgery.

While proven effective, there is still that possibility that the implant will fail and additional surgery might be required.

In some cases, amputation might become an option.

Physical and occupation therapists can also help patients who are candidates for limb salvage surgery.

Preparation for the surgery may include introduction of exercises that can help strengthen the muscles and ambulation (walking).

ROM or range of motion exercises patients would need to do after the operation will also be taught.

Procedure

Limb-sparing surgery involves not just removing the cancer but also at least an inch of the healthy tissue surrounding it.

Chemotherapy, radiation, or in some cases, a combination of both might be recommended to shrink the tumor before the procedure is performed.

Limb salvage surgery has 3 stages:

The cancer as well as a margin of healthy tissue is removed.
Bone graft is performed or prosthesis is implanted when necessary.
Wound is closed by transferring soft tissue or muscle from other parts of the body.

Surgical Techniques

Soft Tissue Sarcomas

Nowadays, a staggering 80 percent of cases of soft tissue sarcomas affecting the extremities are treated through limb salvage surgery.

The procedure entails removing the limb nodes, tumor, and the tissues where the cancer has spread.

An inch of the healthy tissue surrounding the tumor will also be removed.

For cases of soft tissue sarcomas that has spread to the lungs, the procedure will involve removing the original tumor, shrinking the lung tumor through chemotherapy or radiation, and surgically removing the lung tumor.

Bone Tumors

Treating low grade bone tumor and its components, doctors will remove the malignant lesion alongside a cuff of the healthy tissue.

Aftercare

Generally, patients will have to remain in the hospital for 5 to 10 days after the procedure.

Sensation and blood flow of the extremity affected will be monitored.

The hospital stay is also required to help ensure the patient does not develop any life-threatening complications like pneumonia, deep-vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism.

Know more about limb salvage surgery and what it can do for you by visiting www.bjios.sg.

January 31, 2017 0 comments

Many people at one point or another will experience foot and ankle injury

Body injury

Foot and Ankle Injuries: Effective Ways to Lower Your Risk

by allurewellness January 31, 2017

written by allurewellness

Many people at one point or another will experience foot and ankle injury.

In majority of the cases, foot and ankle injuries are not attributed to the typical body movements.

Rather, they are often attributed to both overuse and everyday wear and tear.

A foot and ankle injury can often occur during:

Works and projects done at home
Performance of work-related tasks
Sports or recreational activities

In children, foot and ankle injuries often occur during play or while engaged in sports.

It can also be the result of falls.

In most cases, injury risks are way higher for those engaged in sports that require drastic direction changes and jumping (i.e. soccer, football, and jumping).

Certain athletes like dancers, gymnasts, and soccer and basketball players are more susceptible to foot and ankle injuries.

Older adults become more susceptible to foot and ankle injuries and fractures because they have tendency to already lose muscle mass and bone strength (osteopenia) as they age.

They are also likely to have balance and vision problems—two factors that can significantly increase their risk for injuries.

Fortunately, minor injuries will often heal on their own.

Oftentimes, home remedies would be able to heal the injury and relieve the symptoms.

Acute/sudden injuries

Injuries of this type can result from direct blows, penetrations injuries, and falls

Injuries of this type can result from direct blows, penetrations injuries, and falls.

It can also be attributed to jamming, twisting, jerking, or abnormal limb bending.

Pain associated with these types of injuries are often sudden and severe.

Bruising and swelling will also likely to manifest after the injury.

Some of the most common foot and ankle injuries include:

Sprains – if the condition will not heal despite treatment, it can be a clear manifestation of another condition known as osteochondritis dissecans.
Pulled muscles or strains – muscles of the foot and ankle can be strained. At times, it may even rupture.
Tendon injuries – conditions like Achilles tendinitis can occur when the tendons in the heels will rupture.
Contusions – bruising brought about by ankle injuries can sometimes extend to the toes.

Overuse injuries

Overuse injuries often occur when the joint (and other tissues) are subjected to too much stress and strain.

The strain and stress can be attributed to overdoing of an activity or repetition.

Some of the most common overuse injuries are:

Retrocalcaneal bursitis – when the bursa is inflamed, this condition occurs. This condition can also result to swelling of the heel and the back of the ankle and tenderness.
Plantar fasciitis – this condition occurs when the plantar fascia (the flat and broad ligament situated at the bottom of the foot) becomes inflamed.

Prevention

To ensure foot and ankle injuries are avoided, keep the following beneficial pointers in mind:

Change the running shoes often. Experts recommend buying and using a new pair at least every 3 months or after 500 miles of wear.
Wear the right footwear. Choose shoes that is not only comfortable but will also offer good support.
Observe proper training. When exercising, it is recommended that ankle, foot, and leg stretches are done before and after exercising. Sprinting excessively should also be avoided.
Avoid overusing the foot or the ankle. Repeated movements can sometimes result to injury to the bursa or the tendons.
Wear supportive brace. Wrapping the foot or ankle during exercises or activities can also significantly reduce injury risks.
Get rid of excess pounds. Getting rid of the extra weight can dramatically lessen the strain and stress on the ankle and foot.
Wearing the right athletic footwear. When purchasing shoes, opt for ones that offer good arch support and those that come with cushioned soles. It would also be a good idea to check with an orthopedist, podiatrist, or a sports medicine professional so you will be guided on the best pair to invest in.

In some cases, you can get foot and ankle injuries however careful you may be. To ensure, the condition is attended to accordingly, ensure you are getting expert help from the competent specialists at www.bjios.sg.

January 31, 2017 0 comments

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